Light emitting device and manufacturing method thereof

ABSTRACT

A light emitting device is provided, which uses alternating current drive as a method of driving the light emitting device, and in which light emission is always obtained when voltages having different polarities are alternately applied, and a method of manufacturing the light emitting device is also provided. A first light emitting element made from an anode, an organic compound layer, and a cathode, and a second electrode made from an anode, an organic compound layer, and a cathode are formed. The light emitting elements are formed sandwiching the same organic compound layer. The anode of the first light emitting element and the anode of the second light emitting element, and the cathode of the first light emitting element and the cathode of the second light emitting element, are formed on opposite sides of the organic compound layer, respectively, thus sandwiching the organic compound layer. Note that voltages having an inverse polarity are applied alternately by the alternating current drive, and therefore light can always be emitted by any one of the first light emitting element or the second light emitting element.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a light emitting device and amanufacturing method thereof using a light emitting element which has afilm containing an organic compound (hereinafter referred to as an“organic compound layer”) between a pair of electrodes and which cangive fluorescence or luminescence by receiving an electric field. Thelight emitting device referred to in the present specification is animage display device, a light emitting device or a light source.Additionally, the following are included in examples of the lightemitting device: a module wherein a connector, for example, a flexibleprinted circuit (FPC) or a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tapecarrier package (TCP)) is set up onto a light emitting element; a modulewherein a printed wiring board is set to the tip of a TAB tape or a TCP;and a module wherein integrated circuits (IC) are directly mounted on alight emitting element in a chip on glass (COG) manner.

2. Description of the Related Art

A light emitting element in the present invention is an element foremitting light by applying an electric field thereto. With respect tothe light emitting mechanism, it is said that an electron injected froma cathode and a hole injected from an anode are recombined in an organiccompound layer by applying a voltage to electrodes sandwiching anorganic compound layer to produce a molecule with an excitation state(hereinafter referred to as “a molecular exciton”) and the molecularexciton releases energy to emit light when it is returned to a groundstate.

In such a light emitting element, the organic compound layer isgenerally made from a thin film having a thickness less than 1 μm. Inaddition, since the light emitting element is a self-luminous typeelement such that the organic compound layer itself emits light, a backlight used in a conventional liquid crystal display is not required.Thus, it is the big advantage that an extremely thin and lightweightlight emitting element can be manufactured.

Also, when the carrier mobility of, for example, an organic compoundlayer having a thickness of about 100 nm to 200 nm is considered, aperiod from the injection of a carrier to the recombination is aboutseveral ten nanoseconds. Even when a period required for a process fromthe recombination of a carrier to light emission is included in theperiod, light emission is conducted within the order of microsecond.Thus, an extremely high response speed is one of characteristicsthereof.

Further, since the light emitting element is a carrier injection typelight emitting element, it can be driven by a direct current voltage anda noise is hard to generate. With respect to a drive voltage, theorganic compound layer is made from a uniform ultra thin film having athickness of about 100 nm, an electrode material such that a carrierinjection barrier to the organic compound layer is decreased isselected, and a hetero structure (two-layers structure) is introduced.Thus, a sufficient luminance of 100 cd/m² at 5.5 V has been achieved(Reference 1: C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescentdiodes” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 51, No. 12, pp. 913-915 (1987)).

From characteristics such as a thin type, lightweight, high speedresponsibility, and direct-current low-voltage drive, the light emittingelement has been noted as a next generation flat panel display element.In addition, since the light emitting element is a self-luminous typeand has a wide viewing angle, the visibility is relatively good. Thus,it is considered that the light emitting element is effective as anelement used for a display screen of an electronic apparatus.

There is a problem, however, with this type of light emitting element inthat charge accumulates in an organic compound layer when using directcurrent drive, in which a unidirectional bias is always applied to theorganic compound layer, thus reducing brightness.

It has been reported that reductions in brightness can be suppressed byinserting a hole injecting layer between an anode and a holetransporting layer, and in addition, by employing rectangular wavealternating current drive instead of the direct current drive (Reference2: VanSlyke, S. A., Chen, C. H., and Tang, C. W., “OrganicElectroluminescent Devices with Improved Stability”, Appl. Phys. Lett.,69, (15) 2160-2162 (1996)).

This is because there is an energy barrier relaxation due to theinsertion of the hole injecting layer, and voltages having differentpolarities are applied alternately. The accumulation of charge in aninside portion of the organic compound layer is therefore relieved, andthere is experimental support that reductions in brightness can thus besuppressed. There is also a suggestion that alternating current drive issuitable for increasing the element lifetime of light emitting elements.

However, light emitting elements driven by alternating current drivenormally have a laminate structure made from an anode, an organiccompound layer, and a cathode, and therefore electric current flows andlight emission is obtained only when a positive voltage (forward bias)is applied from the anode side and a negative voltage (reverse bias) isapplied from the cathode side. That is, if alternating current drive isused, the light emitting element will not emit light when a reverse biasis applied.

A brightness thus becomes dark if the effective display time is short,and therefore a problem develops in that deterioration of the lightemitting element advances if a high voltage is applied so as to maintaina predetermined brightness.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting deviceusing alternating current drive as a method of driving the lightemitting device, and in which light emission is always obtained whenvoltages having different polarities are alternately applied. Inaddition, an object of the present invention is to provide a method ofmanufacturing the light emitting device.

A first light emitting element made from an anode, an organic compoundlayer, and a cathode, and a second light emitting element made from ananode, an organic compound layer, and a cathode are formed with thepresent invention. The light emitting elements are formed by the anodesand the cathodes sandwiching the same organic compound layer. The anodeof the first light emitting element and the anode of the second lightemitting element, and the cathode of the first light emitting elementand the cathode of the second light emitting element, are formed onopposite sides of the organic compound layer, respectively, thussandwiching the organic compound layer. One gray scale display isperformed by any one of the first light emitting element and the secondlight emitting element.

Note that the light emitting element emits light by using alternatingcurrent drive with the light emitting device of the present invention,and that voltages having inverse polarities are applied alternately tothe first light emitting element and the second light emitting element.The light emitting element to which a positive polarity voltage (forwardbias) is applied emits light, and the other light emitting element, towhich a negative polarity voltage (reverse bias) is applied, does notemit light. That is, light is emitted alternately in accordance with thevoltage polarity applied to the two light emitting elements, andtherefore light can always be emitted by the light emitting elements.

By using alternating current drive, the light emitting element of thepresent invention can relieve the accumulation of charge in the organiccompound layer, and therefore drops in brightness can be suppressed, andthe element lifetime can be increased. In addition, pixel light emittingelements can be made to always emit light with the light emitting deviceof the present invention, even when using alternating current drive, andtherefore element deterioration due to direct current drive can beprevented, while gray scale display similar to that of direct currentdrive becomes possible.

According to a structure disclosed in the present invention, there isprovided a light emitting device comprising: a first light emittingelement; and a second light emitting element, the first light emittingelement comprising: a first pixel electrode; an organic compound layer;and a first opposing electrode, and the second light emitting elementcomprising: a second pixel electrode; the organic compound layer; and asecond opposing electrode, characterized in that: the first pixelelectrode and the second opposing electrode are any one of anodes andcathodes; and the second pixel electrode and the first opposingelectrode are the other of the anodes of the cathodes.

Further, according to another structure of the present invention, thereis provided a light emitting device comprising: a first TFT formed on aninsulating surface; a second TFT formed on the insulating surface; aninterlayer insulating film formed on the first TFT and the second TFT; afirst pixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film; a secondpixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film; an insulatingfilm formed covering a connection portion between the first pixelelectrode and the first TFT, and a connection portion between the secondpixel electrode and the second TFT; an organic compound layer formed onthe first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; a firstopposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer; and a secondopposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer, characterizedin that: the first pixel electrode and the second opposing electrode areany one of anodes and cathodes; and the second pixel electrode and thefirst opposing electrode are the other of the anodes and the cathodes.

Note that, according to each of the above-described structures, there isprovided a light emitting device comprising: a first TFT formed on aninsulating surface; a second TFT formed on the insulating surface; aninterlayer insulating film formed on the first TFT and the second TFT; afirst electrode; a first pixel electrode formed on the interlayerinsulating film; a second electrode; a first auxiliary electrode; asecond pixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film; aninsulating film formed covering a connection portion between the firstpixel electrode and the first TFT, and a connection portion between thesecond pixel electrode and the second TFT; an organic compound layerformed on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; afirst opposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer; and asecond opposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer,characterized in that: the first TFT and the second TFT each have asource region and a drain region; the first pixel electrode is made fromthe first electrode; the second pixel electrode is made from the secondelectrode and the first auxiliary electrode; the first electrode and thesecond electrode are electrically connected to one region, either thesource region or the drain region, in an opening portion formed in theinterlayer insulating film; the first pixel electrode and the secondopposing electrode are any one of anodes and cathodes; and the secondpixel electrode and the first opposing electrode are the other of theanodes and the cathodes.

Note that, according to each of the above-described structures, there isprovided a light emitting device comprising: a first TFT formed on aninsulating surface; a second TFT formed on the insulating surface; aninterlayer insulating film formed on the first TFT and the second TFT; afirst electrode; a first pixel electrode formed on the interlayerinsulating film; a second electrode; a first auxiliary electrode; asecond pixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film; aninsulating film formed covering a connection portion between the firstpixel electrode and the first TFT, and a connection portion between thesecond pixel electrode and the second TFT; an organic compound layerformed on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; afirst opposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer; and asecond opposing electrode formed on the organic compound layer,characterized in that: the first TFT and the second TFT each have asource region and a drain region; the first pixel electrode is made fromthe first electrode; the second pixel electrode is made from the secondelectrode and the first auxiliary electrode; the first electrode and thesecond electrode are electrically connected to one region, either thesource region or the drain region, in an opening portion formed in theinterlayer insulating film; the first electrode and the second electrodeare made from a material composing any one of an anode and a cathode;and the first auxiliary electrode is made from a material composing theother of the anode and the cathode.

Note that, according to each of the above-described structures, there isprovided a light emitting device comprising: a first TFT formed on aninsulating surface; a second TFT formed on the insulating surface; aninterlayer insulating film formed on the first TFT and the second TFT; afirst electrode; a first pixel electrode formed on the interlayerinsulating film; a second electrode; a second pixel electrode formed onthe interlayer insulating film; a second auxiliary electrode; a thirdelectrode; an insulating film formed covering a connection portionbetween the first pixel electrode and the first TFT, and a connectionportion between the second pixel electrode and the second TFT; anorganic compound layer formed on the first pixel electrode and thesecond pixel electrode; a first opposing electrode formed on the organiccompound layer; and a second opposing electrode formed on the organiccompound layer, characterized in that: the first opposing electrode ismade from the second auxiliary electrode and the third auxiliaryelectrode; the second opposing electrode is made from the thirdelectrode; the first pixel electrode and the second opposing electrodeare any one of anodes and cathodes; and the second pixel electrode andthe first opposing electrode are the other of the anodes and thecathodes.

Note that, according to each of the above-described structures, there isprovided a light emitting device comprising: a first TFT formed on aninsulating surface; a second TFT formed on the insulating surface; aninterlayer insulating film formed on the first TFT and the second TFT; afirst electrode; a first pixel electrode formed on the interlayerinsulating film; a second electrode; a second pixel electrode formed onthe interlayer insulating film; a second auxiliary electrode; a thirdelectrode; an insulating film formed covering a connection portionbetween the first pixel electrode and the first TFT, and a connectionportion between the second pixel electrode and the second TFT; anorganic compound layer formed on the first pixel electrode and thesecond pixel electrode; a first opposing electrode formed on the organiccompound layer; and a second opposing electrode formed on the organiccompound layer, characterized in that: the first opposing electrode ismade from the second auxiliary electrode and the third auxiliaryelectrode; the third electrode is made from a material composing any oneof an anode and a cathode; and the second auxiliary electrode is madefrom a material composing the other of the anode and cathode.

Note that, in each of the above-described structures, the organiccompound layer is characterized by being made from a bipolar materialhaving hole transporting characteristics and electron transportingcharacteristics.

Note that, during manufacture of the light emitting device of thepresent invention, the first electrode and the second electrode areformed, and then the first auxiliary electrode is formed by evaporationon only the second electrode. The organic compound layers can then beformed on the electrodes from the same layers of the same materials.

Further, according to another structure of the present invention, thereis provided a method of manufacturing a light emitting device,comprising: forming a first electrode and a second electrode on aninsulating surface; forming a first auxiliary electrode on the secondelectrode; forming an organic compound layer on the first electrode, thesecond electrode, and the first auxiliary electrode; forming a secondauxiliary electrode on the organic compound layer and in a positionoverlapping with the first electrode; and forming a third electrode onthe organic compound layer and the second auxiliary electrode,characterized in that a first light emitting element and a second lightemitting element are formed, the first light emitting element including:a first pixel electrode made from the first electrode; the organiccompound layer; and a first opposing electrode made from the secondauxiliary electrode and the third electrode, and the second lightemitting element including: a second pixel electrode made from thesecond electrode and the first auxiliary electrode; the organic compoundlayer; and a second opposing electrode made from the third electrode.

Further, according to another structure of the present invention, thereis provided a method of manufacturing a light emitting device,comprising: forming a first TFT and a second TFT on an insulatingsurface; forming an interlayer insulating layer on the first TFT and thesecond TFT; forming a first electrode and a second electrode on theinterlayer insulating layer; forming a first auxiliary electrode on thesecond electrode; forming an insulating layer covering a connectionportion between the first electrode and the first TFT and a connectionportion between the second electrode and the second TFT; forming anorganic compound layer on the first electrode, the second electrode, andthe first auxiliary electrode; forming a second auxiliary electrode onthe organic compound layer and in a position overlapping with the firstelectrode; and forming a third electrode on the organic compound layerand the second auxiliary electrode, characterized in that a first lightemitting element and a second light emitting element are formed, thefirst light emitting element including: a first pixel electrode madefrom the first electrode; the organic compound layer; and a firstopposing electrode made from the second auxiliary electrode and thethird electrode, and the second light emitting element including: asecond pixel electrode made from the second electrode and the firstauxiliary electrode; the organic compound layer; and a second opposingelectrode made from the third electrode.

Note that the above-described structure is characterized in that thefirst TFT and the second TFT each have a source region and a drainregion; and the first electrode and the second electrode areelectrically connected to any one of the source region and the drainregion, in an opening portion formed in the interlayer insulating film.

Note that each of the above-described structures is characterized inthat the first pixel electrode and the second opposing electrode are anyone of anodes and cathodes; and the second pixel electrode and the firstopposing electrode are the other of the anodes and the cathodes.

Note that the light emission obtained from the light emitting device ofthe present invention may contain light emission from any one of asinglet excitation state and a triplet excitation state, or from both ofthem.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams for explaining the structure of an elementof a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams for explaining the structure of an elementof a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams for explaining the structure of an elementof a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams for explaining the structure of an elementof a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 5A to 5C are diagrams for explaining a process of manufacturing alight emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A to 6C are diagrams for explaining the process of manufacturinga light emitting device of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrams for explaining the process of manufacturinga light emitting device of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining the constitution of a light emittingdevice of the present invention;

FIGS. 9A to 9C are diagrams for explaining circuit diagrams of a pixelportion of a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the constitution of a light emittingdevice of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining a circuit diagram of a pixel portionof a light emitting device of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a timing chart for a case of driving a light emitting deviceof the present invention by alternating current;

FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams for explaining the external appearance ofa light emitting device of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining a passive matrix light emittingdevice; and

FIGS. 15A to 15H are diagrams showing examples of electronic equipment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiment Mode

An embodiment mode of the present invention is explained using FIGS. 1Aand 1B. Note that the element structure of light emitting elements ofeach pixel in the present invention is shown in FIG. 1A.

Two types of electrodes, an anode 102 and a cathode 103, are formed on asubstrate 101 as shown in FIG. 1A. An organic compound layer 104contacting the electrodes 102 and 103 is formed, and a cathode 105 andan anode 106 are formed contacting the organic compound layer 104. Thatis, there is adopted a structure in which the cathodes and the anodesare formed on both sides of the common organic compound layer 104, thussandwiching the organic compound layer 104. In other words, a firstlight emitting element 107 having the anode 102, the organic compoundlayer 104, and the cathode 105, and a second light emitting element 108having the cathode 103, the organic compound layer 104, and the anode106 are formed.

Note that the electrodes formed before forming the organic compoundlayer are referred to as pixel electrodes within this specification.Specifically, the anode 102 and the cathode 103 are referred to as apixel electrode (1) and a pixel electrode (2), respectively.

On the other hand, the electrodes formed after forming the organiccompound layer are referred to as opposing electrodes. The cathode 105and the anode 106 are specifically referred to as an opposing electrode(1) and an opposing electrode (2), respectively.

Note that electrons are injected from the cathode to the organiccompound layer in the light emitting elements if a lower voltage isapplied to the cathode than that applied to the anode, or a highervoltage is applied to the anode than that applied to the cathode, thatis, a forward bias is applied. Holes are injected to the organiccompound layer from the anode, and an electric current thus flows in theorganic compound layer. Further, holes and electrons recombine in theorganic compound layer 104, and luminescence is thus obtained.

Note that the organic compound layer 104 has bipolar characteristics inthe present invention. Note also that the term bipolar characteristicsrefers to the transportation of both carrier electrons and holes.

Further, the two types of light emitting elements 107 and 108 in thepresent invention are connected to an alternating current electric powersource 109. A forward bias is then applied alternately to one of the twotypes of light emitting elements 107 and 108, and a reverse bias isapplied alternately to the other one of the light emitting elements 107and 108.

Note that, within this specification, a state in which a forward bias isapplied to a light emitting element and an electric current is flowingis referred to as the light emitting element functioning. That is, thelight emitting element does not function when a reverse bias is appliedto the light emitting element.

A specific method in the case of formation of a light emitting elementof the present invention is explained in FIG. 1B.

A first electrode 112 and a second electrode 113 are formed on thesubstrate 101 by using a material having conductive characteristics.Note that a case in which the first electrode 112 and the secondelectrode 113 are formed by a material capable of becoming an anode isexplained in this embodiment mode. A material having a high workfunction equal to or greater than 4.5 eV can be used as the conductivematerial employed here. Specifically, transparent conductive films suchas ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), and In₂O₃—ZnO-basedmaterials can be used as the conductive material, and in addition, longperiod elements residing in groups 3 to 11 of the periodic table, suchas gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), and titanium(Ti) can also be used. Note that a transparent conductive material isused if an element structure is employed in which light is made to passthrough the electrodes 112 and 113 formed here.

A first auxiliary electrode 114 is formed next on the second electrode113 using a conductive material capable of becoming a cathode. Note thatelements residing in group 1 or group 2 of the periodic table, namelyalkaline metals, alkaline earth metals, and alloys and chemicalcompounds of these elements can be employed as materials having a smallwork function (specifically, a work function equal to or less than 3.8eV) used in the first auxiliary electrode 114. In addition, transitionmetals including rare earth metals can also be used. The first auxiliaryelectrode 114 can be formed by evaporation or sputtering.

The organic compound layer 104 having bipolar characteristics is thenformed on the first electrode 112 and the first auxiliary electrode 114.Note that low molecular weight materials and high molecular weightmaterials may be used as materials for forming the organic compoundlayer 104.

The organic compound layer 104 is formed by co-evaporation so that theweight ratio between an organic compound having hole transportingcharacteristics and an organic compound having electron transportingcharacteristics becomes 1:1 when using low molecular weight materials.

Specifically, the organic compound layer 114 can be formed byco-evaporating 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl(hereafter referred to as α-NPD), which has hole transportingcharacteristics, and tris(8-quinolinate) aluminum (hereafter referred toas Alq₃), which has electron transporting characteristics. Note that thelight emitting region can also be limited by doping a material whichbecomes a dopant into a portion of the organic compound layer.

If high molecular weight materials are used, then the organic compoundlayer 104 can be formed by mixing an organic compound having holetransporting characteristics and an organic compound having electrontransporting characteristics at a predetermined mole ratio within asolvent.

Specifically, the organic compound layer 104 can be formed by applyingan application liquid formed by mixing polyvinyl carbazole (hereafterreferred to as PVK), which has hole transporting characteristics, andthe 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative(2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (hereafter referredto as PBD), which has electron transporting characteristics, in toluene.Note that the material which becomes a dopant may also be mixed into theapplication liquid.

A second auxiliary electrode 115 is formed next on the organic compoundlayer 104, in a position overlapping with the first electrode 112, usinga conductive material that becomes a cathode. Note that the samematerials as those used when forming the first auxiliary electrode 114earlier may also be used as the conductive material employed here.However, the second auxiliary electrode 115 formed here is formed on theorganic compound layer 104, and therefore it is desirable that it beformed by evaporation.

A third electrode 116 is formed lastly, covering the organic compoundlayer 104 and the second auxiliary electrode 115. Note that a conductivematerial capable of forming an anode is used as a material for formingthe third electrode 116, and the same materials as those used whenforming the first electrode 112 and the second electrode 113 earlier canalso be employed here. However, the third electrode 116 formed here isformed on the organic compound layer 104, and therefore it is desirablethat it be formed by evaporation.

A first light emitting element 117 composed of the first electrode 112,the organic compound layer 104, the second auxiliary electrode 115, andthe third electrode and a second light emitting element 118 composed ofthe second electrode 113, the first auxiliary electrode 114, the organiccompound layer 104, and the third electrode 116 can thus be formed.

Note that the first electrode 112 in the first light emitting element117, made form a conductive material capable of becoming an anode, isthe anode 102 in FIG. 1A, namely the pixel electrode (1). Conversely, itis possible for the second auxiliary electrode 115, made from aconductive material capable of becoming a cathode, to become the cathodefrom the standpoint of work function. However, the film resistance,which becomes a problem because an extremely thin film is formed, can bereduced by making a laminate with the third electrode 116, and thereforea structure in which the second auxiliary electrode 115 and the thirdelectrode 116 are laminated is the cathode 105 of FIG. 1A, namely theopposing electrode (1).

Furthermore, the first auxiliary electrode 114 in the second lightemitting element 118 is formed on the second electrode 113 from aconductive material capable of becoming a cathode can be a cathode fromthe standpoint of work function. However, film resistance, which becomesa problem because an extremely thin films is formed, can be reduced hereby laminating the second electrode 113 and the first auxiliary electrode114 together. The laminate is the cathode 103 in FIG. 1A, which is theopposing electrode (2). In contrast, the third electrode 116 made from aconductive material capable of becoming an anode is the anode 106 inFIG. 1A, which is the opposing electrode (2).

Embodiments

Embodiments of the present invention are explained below.

Embodiment 1

An active matrix structure in which TFTs (thin film transistors) andlight emitting elements are electrically connected is explained inEmbodiment 1. There is explained a case in which pixel electrodes of thelight emitting elements are formed by transparent materials, and lightdeveloping in organic compound layers is extracted from the pixelelectrodes (so-called bottom emission).

A cross sectional diagram of a pixel forming a pixel portion of a lightemitting device is shown in FIG. 2A. Two types of TFTs (electric currentcontrol TFT) are formed on a substrate 201, a first electrode 205 iselectrically connected to a TFT1 (202) through a wiring 204, and asecond electrode (2) 207 is electrically connected through a wiring 206.Note that the TFT1 (202) is formed by a p-channel TFT in Embodiment 1,and the TFTF2 (203) is formed by an n-channel TFT.

Note that the wiring 204 and a connection portion of the first electrode205, and the wiring 206 and a connection portion of the second electrode207 are covered by an insulating-layer 214 made from an insulatingmaterial. Note also that the insulating film is formed using a materialcontaining silicon such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or siliconoxynitride, an organic resin film of a polyimide, a polyamide, anacrylic (including photosensitive acrylics), or BCB (benzocyclobutene),or by using an applied silicon oxide film (SOG, spin on glass) as asilicon oxide film. The film thickness can be set from 0.1 to 2 μm, andin particular, it is desirable to form the insulating layer 214 at afilm thickness of 0.1 to 0.3 μm when using a material containing siliconsuch as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride.

Opening portions are then formed in the insulating film at positionscorresponding to the first electrode 205 and the second electrode 207 toform the insulating layer 214.

Specifically, a 1 μm insulating film is formed using photosensitiveacrylic, and patterning is performed by photolithography. The insulatinglayer 214 is formed by then performing etching.

An organic compound layer 209, a second auxiliary electrode 210, and athird electrode 211 are laminated on the first electrode 205, and thusforming a first light emitting element 212. Further, a first auxiliaryelectrode 208, the organic compound layer 209, and the third electrode211 are laminated on the second electrode 207, thus forming a secondlight emitting element 213.

Note that the first electrode 205, the second electrode 207, and thethird electrode 211 are formed by materials having a large work functionand capable of becoming anodes, and that the first auxiliary electrode208 and the second auxiliary electrode 210 are formed by materialshaving a small work function and capable of becoming cathodes. The firstelectrode 205 therefore becomes a first pixel electrode (anode) 217 inthe first light emitting element 212, and a laminate of the secondauxiliary electrode 210 and the third electrode 211 becomes a firstopposing electrode (cathode) 218. Further, a laminate of the secondelectrode 207 and the first auxiliary electrode 208 in the second lightemitting element 213 becomes a second pixel electrode (cathode) 219, andthe third electrode 211 becomes a second opposing electrode (anode) 220.

The specific element structure of the first light emitting element 212and the second light emitting element 213 is shown in FIG. 2B, and amethod of manufacturing the light emitting elements is explained below.

However, steps up through formation of TFTs and wirings on a substrateare explained in detail by later embodiments, and therefore are omittedhere. Manufacture of a light emitting element after wiring formation isexplained in Embodiment 1.

The first electrode 205 is formed first, contacting the wiring 204, andthe second electrode 207 is formed contacting the wiring 206. Note thatthe first electrode 205 and the second electrode 207 are transparent inEmbodiment 1 because they become light emitting electrodes.Specifically, ITO, IZO, and In₂O₃—ZnO-based materials can be used. A 100nm thick film of ITO is formed here by sputtering, after whichpatterning is performed, thus forming the electrodes.

In addition, the first auxiliary electrode 208 is formed on the secondelectrode 207. Note that, the first auxiliary electrode 208 is alsoformed using transparent material. Barium fluoride (BaF₂), calciumfluoride (CaF), cesium fluoride (CsF) and the like can be used as thefirst auxiliary electrode 208 material in Embodiment 1, and it isnecessary to form the first auxiliary electrode 208 with a filmthickness on the order of 1 nm. In addition, cesium (Cs), barium (Ba),calcium (Ca), magnesium alloys (Mg:Ag) and lanthanide materials can alsobe used. Note that the film may be formed having a thickness equal to orless than 20 nm in this case. A 1 nm thick film of barium fluoride(BaF₂) is formed here, and then forming the first auxiliary electrode208. Further, the first auxiliary electrode 208 can be formed only onthe second electrode 207 by performing evaporation using a metal mask.

The organic compound layer 209 is formed next. The organic compoundlayer can be formed in Embodiment 1 by co-evaporation of a 1:1 ratio byweight of a hole transporting organic compound and an electrontransporting organic compound. Further, the film thickness of theorganic compound layer 209 is 100 nm in Embodiment 1.

Specifically, the organic compound layer 209 can be formed byco-evaporating 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl(hereafter referred to as α-NPD), which has hole transportingcharacteristics, and tris(8-quinolinate) aluminum (hereafter referred toas Alq₃), which has electron transporting characteristics, so as toachieve a 1:1 ratio by weight. The layer formed here is referred to as abipolar layer 215.

In addition, a doped region 216 which becomes a light emitting regioncan be formed in Embodiment 1 by doping4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(julolidine-4-il-vinyl)-4H-pyran(hereinafter referred to as DCM2) as a dopant during formation of thebipolar layer 215. Note that co-evaporation can be performed so that theratio by weight in the doped area 216 becomes(α-NPD):(Alq₃):(DCM)=50:50:1 at this point.

The light emitting region can then be limited to the organic compoundlayer 209 by again forming the bipolar layer 215 on the doped region216. Note that an organic compound layer that shows red colorluminescence can be formed when forming the organic compound layer 209by using these types of materials.

The bipolar layer 215 may be formed by similar materials (α-NPD andAlq₃), and dimethyl quinacridon can be doped into the doped region 216when forming an organic compound layer that shows green colorluminescence. Note that co-evaporation can be performed so that theratio by weight in the doped area 216 becomes(α-NPD):(Alq₃):(quinacridon)=50:50:1 at this point.

In addition, when forming an organic compound layer that shows bluecolor luminescence, the bipolar layer 215 can be formed byco-evaporating vasocupronin (hereinafter referred to as BCP) and4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine(hereinafter referred to as MTDATA) so as that the ratio by weightbecomes 1:1. Thus, formation can be performed by doping perylene on thedoped region 216. Note that co-evaporation can be performed so that theratio by weight in the doped area 216 becomes(BCP):(MTDATA):(perylene)=50:50:5 at this point, thus performing theformation.

Note that the doped region 216 is formed at a film thickness of 20 to 30nm.

Pixels having the organic compound layer showing red color luminescence,the organic compound layer showing green color luminescence, and theorganic compound layer 209 showing blue color luminescence are formed inthe pixel portion, and full color display becomes possible.

Further, although the doped region 216 becomes the light emitting regionfor the organic compound layer 209 shown by Embodiment 1, a lightemitting layer made from a completely different material can also beformed between the bipolar layers 215 without forming the doped layer216. In this case, the materials stated above may be used as materialsfor forming the bipolar layers 215, and4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-biphenyl (hereinafter referred to as DPVBi)and the like can be given as examples of materials used for forming thelight emitting layer.

On the other hand, in the case where high molecular weight materials areused, PVK and PBD may be mixed within toluene at a mole ratio of 1:0.3,and a dopant tris(2-phenyl pyridine) indium (hereinafter referred to asIr(Ppy)₃) may be combined with the PVK and PBD mixture such thatIr(ppy)₃ has a mole ratio of 3 mole % versus the total number of molesof PVK and PBD, thus forming an application liquid. The layer is thenformed by application.

In addition, the second auxiliary electrode 210 is formed on the organiccompound layer 209. Note that the second auxiliary electrode 210 can beformed by using the same material as that of the first auxiliaryelectrode 208. Here, barium (Ba) is deposited to have a thickness of 20nm to thereby form the second auxiliary electrode 210. Further, thesecond auxiliary electrode 210 can be formed only on the first electrode205 by performing evaporation using a metal mask.

The third electrode 211 is formed lastly. Note that materials having ahigh work function equal to or greater than 4.5 eV are used asconductive materials for forming the third electrode 211. Further, it isdesirable to employ a structure in which light is not emitted from thethird electrode 211 in Embodiment 1 in order to avoid reducing the lightemission efficiency of the light emitting element, and therefore thethird electrode 211 is formed using a material having light shieldingcharacteristics. Specifically, long period elements residing in groups 3to 11 of the periodic table such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel(Ni), tungsten (W), and titanium (Ti) can be used. Note that gold (Au)is formed at a film thickness of 100 nm in Embodiment 1, thus formingthe third electrode 211.

The first light emitting element 212 and the second light emittingelement 213 are included inside one pixel, and a bottom emission lightemitting device in which light can be emitted from the pixel electrodeside, can be formed in both of the light emitting elements.

Embodiment 2

A structure in which light developing in an organic compound layer isextracted from an opposing electrode (so-called top emission), and inwhich the opposing electrode is formed by a material havingtransparency, differently from Embodiment 1, is explained in Embodiment2.

A cross sectional diagram of a pixel forming a pixel portion of a lightemitting device is shown in FIG. 3A. Two types of TFTs (electric currentcontrol TFTs) are formed on a substrate 301, a first electrode 305 iselectrically connected to a TFT1 (302) through a wiring 304, and asecond electrode (2) 307 is electrically connected through a wiring 306.Note that the TFT1 (302) is formed by a p-channel TFT, and the TFT2(303) is formed by an n-channel TFT in Embodiment 2.

Note that the wiring 304 and a connection portion of the first electrode305, and the wiring 306 and a connection portion of the second electrode307 are covered by an insulating layer 314 made from an insulatingmaterial as in Embodiment 1. Note also that the insulating layer 314 maybe formed by using the same materials shown in Embodiment 1. Further,similarly, opening portions are then formed in the insulating film atpositions corresponding to the first electrode 305 and the secondelectrode 307 to form the insulating layer 314.

An organic compound layer 309, a second auxiliary electrode 310, and athird electrode 311 are laminated on the first electrode 305, and thusforming a first light emitting element 312. Further, a first auxiliaryelectrode 308, the organic compound layer 309, and the third electrode311 are laminated on the second electrode 307, thus forming a secondlight emitting element 313.

Note that the first electrode 305, the second electrode 307, and thethird electrode 311 are formed by materials having a large work functionand capable of becoming anodes, and that the first auxiliary electrode308 and the second auxiliary electrode 310 are formed by materialshaving a small work function and capable of becoming cathodes. The firstelectrode 305 therefore becomes a first pixel electrode (anode) 317 inthe first light emitting element 312, and a laminate of the secondauxiliary electrode 310 and the third electrode 311 becomes a firstopposing electrode (cathode) 318. Further, a laminate of the secondelectrode 307 and the first auxiliary electrode 308 in the second lightemitting element 313 becomes a second pixel electrode (cathode) 319, andthe third electrode 311 becomes a second opposing electrode (anode) 320.

The specific element structure of the first light emitting element 312and the second light emitting element 313 is shown in FIG. 3B, and amethod of manufacturing the light emitting elements is explained below.

However, steps up through formation of TFTs and wirings on a substrateare explained in detail by later embodiments, and therefore are omittedhere. Manufacture of a light emitting element after wiring formation isexplained in Embodiment 2.

The first electrode 305 is formed first, contacting the wiring 304, andthe second electrode 307 is formed contacting the wiring 306. Note thatthe first electrode 305 and the second electrode 307 have lightshielding property in Embodiment 2 because it is desirable that thelight should not be emitted from the first electrode 305 and the secondelectrode 307 in order to avoid reducing the light emitting efficiencyof the light emitting elements. Specifically, materials having a workfunction equal to or greater than 4.5 eV are used. A 100 nm thick filmof titanium nitride (TiN) is formed here by sputtering, after whichpatterning is performed, thus forming the electrodes.

In addition, the first auxiliary electrode 308 is formed on the secondelectrode 307. Barium fluoride (BaF₂), calcium fluoride (CaF), cesiumfluoride (CsF) and the like can be used as the first auxiliary electrode308 material in Embodiment 2, and it is necessary to form the firstauxiliary electrode 308 with a film thickness on the order of 1 nm. Inaddition, cesium (Cs), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), magnesium alloys(Mg:Ag) and lanthanide materials can also be used. Note that the filmmay be formed having a thickness equal to or less than 20 nm in thiscase. Here, magnesium alloy (Mg:Ag) is deposited to have a thickness of20 nm to thereby form the first auxiliary element 308. Further, thefirst auxiliary electrode 308 can be formed only on the second electrode307 by performing evaporation using a metal mask.

The organic compound layer 309 is formed next. The organic compoundlayer can be formed in Embodiment 2 in the same manner as that ofEmbodiment 1 by co-evaporation of a 1:1 ratio by weight of a holetransporting organic compound and an electron transporting organiccompound. Further, the film thickness of the organic compound layer 309is 100 nm in Embodiment 2.

Specifically, the organic compound layer 309 can be formed byco-evaporating 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl(hereafter referred to as α-NPD), which has hole transportingcharacteristics, and tris(8-quinolinate) aluminum (hereafter referred toas Alq₃), which has electron transporting characteristics, so as toachieve a 1:1 ratio by weight. The layer formed here is referred to as abipolar layer 315.

In addition, a doped region 316 which becomes a light emitting regioncan be formed in Embodiment 2 by doping4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(julolidine-4-il-vinyl)-4H-pyran(hereinafter referred to as DCM2) as a dopant during formation of thebipolar layer 315. Note that co-evaporation can be performed so that theratio by weight in the doped area 316 becomes(α-NPD):(Alq₃):(DCM)=50:50:1 at this point.

The light emitting region can then be limited to the organic compoundlayer 309 by again forming the bipolar layer 315 on the doped region316. Note that an organic compound layer that shows red colorluminescence can be formed when forming the organic compound layer 309by using these types of materials.

The bipolar layer 315 may be formed by similar materials (α-NPD andAIq₃), and dimethyl quinacridon can be doped into the doped region 316when forming an organic compound layer that shows green colorluminescence. Note that co-evaporation can be performed so that theratio by weight in the doped area 316 becomes(α-NPD):(Alq3):(quinacridon)=50:50:1 at this point.

In addition, when forming an organic compound layer that shows bluecolor luminescence, the bipolar layer 315 can be formed byco-evaporating vasocupronin (hereinafter referred to as BCP) and4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine(hereinafter referred to as MTDATA) so that the ratio by weight becomes1:1. Then, formation can be performed by doping perylene on the dopedregion 316 can be formed by doping perylene. Note that co-evaporationcan be performed so that the ratio by weight in the doped area 316becomes (BCP):(MTDATA):(perylene)=50:50:5 at this point, thus performingthe formation.

Note that the doped region 316 is formed at a film thickness of 20 to 30nm.

Pixels having the organic compound layer showing red color luminescence,the organic compound layer showing green color luminescence, and theorganic compound layer 309 showing blue color luminescence are formed inthe pixel portion, and full color display becomes possible.

Further, although the doped region 316 becomes the light emitting regionfor the organic compound layer 309 shown by Embodiment 2, a lightemitting layer made from a completely different material can also beformed between the bipolar layers 315 without forming the doped layer316. In this case, the materials stated above may be used as materialsfor forming the bipolar layers 315, and4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-biphenyl (hereinafter referred to as DPVBi)and the like can be given as examples of materials used for forming thelight emitting layer.

On the other hand, in the case where high molecular weight materials areused, PVK and PBD may be mixed within toluene at a mole ratio of 1:0.3,and a dopant tris(2-phenyl pyridine) indium (hereinafter referred to asIr(ppy)₃) may be combined with the PVK and PBD mixture such thatIr(ppy)₃ has a mole ratio of 3 mol % versus the total number of moles ofPVK and PBD, thus forming an application liquid. The layer is thenformed by application.

In addition, the second auxiliary electrode 310 is formed on the organiccompound layer 309. Note that the second auxiliary electrode 310 can beformed by using the same material as that of the first auxiliaryelectrode 308. Here, barium fluoride (BaF₂) is deposited to have athickness of 1 nm to thereby form the second auxiliary electrode 310.Further, the second auxiliary electrode 310 can be formed only on thefirst electrode 305 by performing evaporation using a metal mask.

The third electrode 311 is formed lastly. Note that materials having ahigh work function equal to or greater than 4.5 eV are used asconductive materials for forming the third electrode 311. Note that thethird electrode 311 is transparent in Embodiment 2 because it becomeslight emitting electrodes. Specifically, materials having work functionequal to or greater than 4.5 eV are used. A 100 nm thick film of ITO isformed here by evaporation or sputtering, thus forming the thirdelectrode 311.

The first light emitting element 312 and the second light emittingelement 313 are included inside one pixel, and a top emission lightemitting device in which light can be emitted from the pixel electrodeside, can be formed in both of the light emitting elements.

Embodiment 3

A case of a top emission light emitting device which is the same as thetop emission light emitting device shown in Embodiment 2 and has anelement structure different therefrom is explained in Embodiment 3.

A cross sectional diagram of a pixel forming a pixel portion of a lightemitting device is shown in FIG. 4A. Two types of TFTs (electric currentcontrol TFTs) are formed on a substrate 401, a first electrode 405 iselectrically connected to a TFT1 (402) through a wiring 404, and asecond electrode (2) 407 is electrically connected through a wiring 406.Note that the TFT1 (402) is formed by an n-channel TFT, and the TFT2(403) is formed by a p-channel TFT in Embodiment 1.

Note that the wiring 404 and a connection portion of the first electrode405, and the wiring 406 and a connection portion of the second electrode407 are covered by an insulating layer 414 made from an insulatingmaterial as in Embodiment 1. Note also that the insulating layer 414 maybe formed by using the same materials shown in Embodiment 1. Further,similarly, opening portions are then formed in the insulating film atpositions corresponding to the first electrode 405 and the secondelectrode 407 to form the insulating layer 414.

An organic compound layer 409, a second auxiliary electrode 410, and athird electrode 411 are laminated on the first electrode 405, and thusforming a first light emitting element 412. Further, a first auxiliaryelectrode 408, the organic compound layer 409, and the third electrode411 are laminated on the second electrode 407, thus forming a secondlight emitting element 413.

Note that the first electrode 405, the second electrode 407, and thethird electrode 411 are formed by materials having a small work functionand capable of becoming cathodes, and that the first auxiliary electrode408 and the second auxiliary electrode 410 are formed by materialshaving a large work function and capable of becoming anodes. The firstelectrode 405 therefore becomes a first pixel electrode (cathode) 417 inthe first light emitting element 412, and a laminate of the secondauxiliary electrode 410 and the third electrode 411 becomes a firstopposing electrode (anode) 418. Further, a laminate of the secondelectrode 407 and the first auxiliary electrode 408 in the second lightemitting element 413 becomes a second pixel electrode (anode) 419, andthe third electrode 411 becomes a second opposing electrode (cathode)420.

The specific element structure of the first light emitting element 412and the second light emitting element 413 is shown in FIG. 4B, and amethod of manufacturing the light emitting elements is explained below.

However, steps up through formation of TFTs and wirings on a substrateare explained in detail by later embodiments, and therefore are omittedhere. Manufacture of a light emitting element after wiring formation isexplained in Embodiment 3.

The first electrode 405 is formed first, contacting the wiring 404, andthe second electrode 407 is formed contacting the wiring 406. Note thatthe first electrode 405 and the second electrode 407 have lightshielding property in Embodiment 3 because it is desirable that thelight should not be emitted from the first electrode 405 and the secondelectrode 407 in order to avoid reducing the light emitting efficiencyof the light emitting elements. Specifically, materials having a workfunction equal to or lower than 3.8 eV are used. A 100 nm thick film ofmagnesium alloy (Mg:Ag) is formed here by sputtering, after whichpatterning is performed, thus forming the electrodes.

In addition, the first auxiliary electrode 408 is formed on the secondelectrode 407. Note that long period elements residing in group 3 to 11of the periodic table, such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni),tungsten (W), and titanium (Ti) can be used as the conductive materialfor the first auxiliary electrode 408 material in this embodiment. Here,gold (Au) is deposited to have a thickness of 20 nm to thereby form thefirst auxiliary electrode 408. Further, the first auxiliary electrode408 can be formed only on the second electrode 407 by performingevaporation using a metal mask.

The organic compound layer 409 is formed next. Further, the filmthickness of the organic compound layer 409 is 100 nm in Embodiment 3.

First, the bipolar layer 415 can be formed by co-evaporating4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-biphenyl (hereafter referred toas α-NPD), which has hole transporting characteristics, andtris(8-quinolinate) aluminum (hereafter referred to as Alq₃), which haselectron transporting characteristics, so as to achieve a 1:1 ratio byweight.

A light emitting layer 416 that becomes a light emitting region isformed during formation of the bipolar layer 415 in Embodiment 3. Notethat 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-biphenyl (hereinafter referred to asDPVBi) is used as a material for forming the light emitting element 416in Embodiment 3. Further, the light emitting layer 416 is formed at afilm thickness of 20 to 30 nm.

The light emitting region can then be limited to the organic compoundlayer 409 by again forming the bipolar layer 415 on the light emittinglayer 416.

Note that although a case of forming the light emitting layer 416 in theorganic compound layer is shown in Embodiment 3, a structure in which adoped region like that shown by Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 is formedmay also be used. Further, it is also possible to form the lightemitting element 416 by using high molecular weight materials, and notusing all low molecular weight materials.

In addition, the second auxiliary electrode 410 is formed on the organiccompound layer 409. Note that the second auxiliary electrode 410 can beformed by using the same material as that of the first auxiliaryelectrode 408. Here, barium fluoride (BaF₂) is deposited to have athickness of 1 nm to thereby form the second auxiliary electrode 410.Further, the second auxiliary electrode 410 can be formed only on thefirst electrode 405 by performing evaporation using a metal mask.

The third electrode 411 is formed lastly. Note that materials having alow work function equal to or less than 3.8 eV are used as conductivematerials for forming the third electrode 411. Note also that the thirdelectrode 411 becomes a light emitting electrode in Embodiment 3, andtherefore has light transmitting characteristics. A material having awork function equal to or less than 3.8 eV is used in the formation.Specifically, elements residing in group 1 or group 2 of the periodictable, namely alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals, and alloys andchemical compounds containing these elements can be used. In addition,transition metals including rare earth metals can also be used. Cesium(Cs) and silver (Ag) are formed and laminated by evaporation orsputtering here, at a film thickness of 20 nm, thus forming the thirdelectrode 411.

The first light emitting element 412 and the second light emittingelement 413 are included inside one pixel, and a top emission lightemitting device in which light can be emitted from the opposingelectrode side, can be formed in both of the light emitting elements.

Embodiment 4

Embodiment of the present invention will be described with references toFIG. 5 to 7. Here, a detailed description will be given on a method ofmanufacturing a pixel portion and TFTs (n-channel TFTs and p-channelTFTs) of a driving circuit that are provided in the periphery of thepixel portion are formed on the same substrate at the same time.

The base insulating film 601 is formed on the substrate 600 to obtainthe first semiconductor film having a crystal structure. Subsequently,isolated in island-shape semiconductor layer 602 to 605 is formed byconducting etching treatment to the desired shape.

As a substrate 600, the glass substrate (#1737) is used. As a baseinsulating film 601, a silicon oxynitride film 601 a is formed on thesilicon oxide film by plasma CVD at a temperature of 400° C. using SiH₄,NH₃, and N₂O as material gas (the composition ratio of the siliconoxynitride film: Si=32%, O=27%, N=24%, H=17%). The silicon oxynitridefilm has a thickness of 50 nm (preferably 10 to 200 nm). The surface ofthe film is washed with ozone water and then an oxide film on thesurface is removed by diluted fluoric acid (diluted down to 1/100).Next, a silicon oxynitride film 601 b is formed by plasma CVD at atemperature of 400° C. using SiH₄ and N₂O as material gas (thecomposition ratio of the silicon oxynitride film: Si=32%, O=59%, N=7%,H=2%). The silicon oxynitride film 601 b has a thickness of 100 nm(preferably 50 to 200 nm). Without exposing the laminate to the air, asemiconductor film having an amorphous structure (here, an amorphoussilicon film) is formed on the laminate by plasma CVD at a temperatureof 300° C. using SiH₄ as material gas. The semiconductor film is 54 nm(preferably 25 to 80 nm) in thickness.

A base film 601 in this example has a two-layer structure. However, thebase insulating film may be a single layer or more than two layers ofinsulating films. The material of the semiconductor film is not limitedbut it is preferable to form the semiconductor film from silicon or asilicon germanium alloy (SixGe_(1-x)(X=0.0001 to 0.02)) by a knownmethod (sputtering, LPCVD, plasma CVD, or the like). Plasma CVDapparatus used may be one that processes wafer by wafer or one thatprocesses in batch. The base insulating film and the semiconductor filmmay be formed in succession in the same chamber to avoid contact withthe air.

Next, a nickel acetate solution containing 10 ppm of nickel by weight isapplied by a spinner. Instead of application, nickel may be sprayed ontothe entire surface by sputtering.

The semiconductor film is subjected to heat treatment to crystallize itand obtain a semiconductor film having a crystal structure. The heattreatment is achieved in an electric furnace or by irradiation ofintense light. When heat treatment in an electric furnace is employed,the temperature is set to 500 to 650° C. and the treatment lasts for 4to 24 hours. Here, a silicon film having a crystal structure is obtainedby heat treatment for crystallization (at 550° C. for 4 hours) afterheat treatment for dehydrogenation (at 500° C. for an hour). Althoughthe semiconductor film is crystallized here by heat treatment using anelectric furnace, it may be crystallized by a lamp annealing apparatuscapable of achieving crystallization in a short tirhe. This exampleemploys a crystallization technique in which nickel is used as a metalelement for accelerating crystallization of silicon. However, otherknown crystallization techniques, solid phase growth and lasercrystallization, for example, may be employed.

An oxide film on the surface of the silicon film having a crystalstructure is removed by diluted fluoric acid or the like. Then in orderto enhance the crystallization rate and repair defects remaining incrystal grains, the silicon film is irradiated with laser light (XeCl,the wavelength: 308 nm) in the air or in an oxygen atmosphere. The laserlight may be excimer laser light having a wavelength of 400 nm or less,or the second harmonic or third harmonic of a YAG laser. Pulse laserlight having a repetition frequency of 10 to 1000 Hz is employed. Thelaser light is collected by an optical system to have an energy densityof 100 to 500 mJ/cm² and scans the silicon film surface at anoverlapping ratio of 90 to 95%. Here, the film is irradiated with laserlight at a repetition frequency of 30 Hz and an energy density of 393mJ/cm² in the air. Since the film is irradiated in the air or in anoxygen atmosphere, an oxide film is formed on the surface because of thelaser light irradiation.

After removing an oxide film formed during irradiating the laser lightby using hydrofluoric acid, the second laser light may be irradiated ina nitrogen atmosphere or vacuum atmosphere to smooth the surface of thesemiconductor film. Excimer laser light with a wavelength equal to orless than 400 nm, or the second or the third harmonic of a YAG laser, isused for the laser light (the second laser light). The energy density ofthe second laser light is made larger than the energy density of thefirst laser light, preferably from 30 to 60 mJ/cm² larger.

Laser light irradiation at this point is very important because it isused to form an oxide film to prevent doping of the silicon film havinga crystal structure with a rare gas element in later film formation bysputtering and because it enhances the gettering effect. The oxide filmformed by this laser light irradiation and an oxide film formed bytreating the surface with ozone water for 120 seconds together make abarrier layer that has a thickness of 1 to 5 nm in total.

Next, an amorphous silicon film containing argon is formed on thebarrier layer by sputtering to serve as a gettering site. The thicknessof the amorphous silicon film is 50 nm here. The conditions for formingthe amorphous silicon film here include setting the film formationpressure to 0.3 Pa, the gas (Ar) flow rate to 50 sccm, the filmformation power to 3 kW, and the substrate temperature to 150° C. Theatomic concentration of argon contained in the amorphous silicon filmformed under the above conditions is 3×10²⁰ to 6×10²⁰ atoms/cm³ and theatomic concentration of oxygen thereof is 1×10¹⁹ to 3×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³.Thereafter, heat treatment is conducted in a lamp annealing apparatus at750° C. for 3 minutes for gettering.

Using the barrier layer as an etching stopper, the gettering site,namely, the amorphous silicon film containing argon, is selectivelyremoved. Then, the barrier layer is selectively removed by dilutedfluoric acid. Nickel tends to move toward a region having high oxygenconcentration during gettering, and therefore it is desirable to removethe barrier layer that is an oxide film after gettering.

Also, after forming a semiconductor layer, in order to control thethreshold (Vth) of the TFTs, the semiconductor layers may be doped withan impurity element that gives the p-type or n-type conductivity.Impurity elements known to give a semiconductor the p type conductivityare Group 13 elements in the periodic table, such as boron (B), aluminum(Al), and gallium (Ga). Impurity elements known to give a semiconductorthe n type conductivity are Group 15 elements in the periodic table,such as phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As).

Next, a thin oxide film is formed from ozone water on the surface of theobtained silicon film having a crystal structure (also called apolysilicon film). A resist mask is formed for etching to obtainsemiconductor layers 602 to 605 having desired shapes and separated fromone another like islands. After the semiconductor layers are obtained,the resist mask is removed.

The oxide film is removed by an etchant containing fluoric acid, and atthe same time, the surface of the silicon film is washed. Then, aninsulating film mainly containing silicon is formed to serve as a gateinsulating film 607. The gate insulating film here is a siliconoxynitride film (composition ratio: Si=32%, O=59%, N=7%, H=2%) formed byplasma CVD to have a thickness of 115 nm.

As shown in FIG. 5A, a first conductive film 608 with a thickness of 20to 100 nm and a second conductive film 609 with a thickness of 100 to400 nm are layered on the gate insulating film 607. In this example, a30 nm thick tantalum nitride film and a 370 nm thick tungsten film arelayered on the gate insulating film 607 in the order stated.

The conductive materials of the first conductive film and secondconductive film are elements selected from the group consisting of Ta,W, Ti, Mo, Al, and Cu, or alloys or compounds mainly containing theabove elements. The first conductive film and the second conductive filmmay be semiconductor films, typically polycrystalline silicon films,doped with phosphorus or other impurity elements or may be Ag—Pd—Cualloy films. The present invention is not limited to a two-layerstructure conductive film. For example, a three-layer structureconsisting of a 30 nm thick tungsten film, 500 nm thick aluminum-siliconalloy (Al—Si) film, and 50 nm thick titanium nitride film layered inthis order may be employed. When the three-layer structure is employed,tungsten of the first conductive film may be replaced by tungstennitride, the aluminum-silicon alloy (Al—Si) film of the secondconductive film may be replaced by an aluminum-titanium alloy (Al—Ti)film, and the titanium nitride film of the third conductive film may bereplaced by a titanium film. Alternatively, a single-layer conductivefilm may be used.

As shown in FIG. 5B, resist masks 610 to 613 are formed by lightexposure to conduct the first etching treatment for forming gateelectrodes and wiring lines. The first etching treatment is conductedunder first and second etching conditions. ICP (inductively coupledplasma) etching is employed. The films can be etched into desired tapershapes by using ICP etching and adjusting etching conditions (the amountof power applied to a coiled electrode, the amount of power applied to asubstrate side electrode, the temperature of the substrate sideelectrode, etc.) suitably. Examples of the etching gas used includechlorine-based gas, typically, Cl₂, BCl₃, SiCl₄, or CCl₄, fluorine-basedgas, typically, CF₄, SF₆, or NF₃, and O₂.

The substrate side (sample stage) also receives an RF power of 150 W(13.56 MHz) to apply a substantially negative self-bias voltage. Thearea (size) of the substrate side electrode is 12.5 cm×12.5 cm and thecoiled electrode is a disc 25 cm in diameter (here, a quartz disc onwhich the coil is provided). The W film is etched under these firstetching conditions to taper it around the edges. Under the first etchingconditions, the rate of etching the W film is 200.39 nm/min. and therate of etching the TaN film is 80.32 nm/min. The selective ratio of Wto TaN is therefore about 2.5. The W film is tapered under the firstetching conditions at an angle of about 26°. Thereafter, the firstetching conditions are switched to the second etching conditions withoutremoving the resist masks 610 to 613. The second etching conditionsinclude using CF₄ and Cl₂ as etching gas, setting the gas flow rateratio thereof to 30:30 (sccm), and giving an RF (13.56 MHz) power of 500W to a coiled electrode at a pressure of 1 Pa to generate plasma foretching for about 30 seconds. The substrate side (sample stage) alsoreceives an RF power of 20 W (13.56 MHz) to apply a substantiallynegative self-bias voltage. Under the second etching conditionsincluding the use of a mixture of CF₄ and Cl₂, the TaN film and the Wfilm are etched to about the same degree. The rate of etching the W filmis 58.97 nm/min. and the rate of etching the TaN film is 66.43 nm/min.under the second etching conditions. In order to etch the films withoutleaving any residue on the gate insulating film, the etching time isprolonged by approximately 10 to 20%.

In the first etching treatment, first conductive layers and secondconductive layers are tapered around the edges by forming the resistmasks into proper shapes and by the effect of the bias voltage appliedto the substrate side. The angle of the tapered portions may be 15 to45°.

The first shape conductive layers 615 to 618 (the first conductivelayers 615 a to 618 a and the second conductive layers 615 b to 618 b)are formed that is consisted of the first conductive layer and thesecond conductive layer by the first etching treatment. The insulatingfilm 607 to be a gate insulating film is etched 10 to 20 nm, to form agate insulating film 620 having a region becoming thin where the firstshape conductive layers 615 to 618 do not overlap.

Next, a second etching process is conducted without removing the masksmade of resist. Here, SF₆, C₂ and O₂ are used as etching gases, the flowrate of the gases is set to 24/12/24 sccm, and RF (13.56 MHz) power of700 W is applied to a coil-shape electrode with a pressure of 1.3 Pa togenerate plasma, thereby performing etching for 25 seconds. RF (13.56MHz) power of 10 W is also applied to the substrate side (sample stage)to substantially apply a negative self-bias voltage. In the secondetching process, an etching rate to W is 227.3 nm/min, an etching rateto TaN is 32.1 nm/min, a selection ratio of W to TaN is 7.1, an etchingrate to SiON that is the insulating film 620 is 33.7 nm/min, and aselection ratio of W to SiON is 6.83. In the case where SF₆ is used asthe etching gas, the selection ratio with respect to the insulating film620 is high as described above. Thus, reduction in the film thicknesscan be suppressed. In this embodiment, the film thickness of theinsulating film 620 is reduced by only about 8 nm.

By the second etching process, the taper angle of W becomes 70°. By thesecond etching process, second conductive layers 621 b to 624 b areformed. On the other hand, the first conductive layers are hardly etchedto become first conductive layers 621 a to 624a. Note that the firstconductive layers 621 a to 624 a have substantially the same size as thefirst conductive layers 615 a to 618 a. In actuality, the width of thefirst conductive layer may be reduced by approximately 0.3 μm, namely,approximately 0.6 μm in the total line width in comparison with beforethe second etching process. However, there is almost no change in sizeof the first conductive layer.

Further, in the case where, instead of the two-layer structure, thethree-layer structure is adopted in which a 30 nm thick tungsten film,an alloy film of aluminum and silicon (Al—Si) with a thickness of 500nm, and a 50 nm thick titanium nitride film are sequentially laminated,under the first etching conditions of the first etching process inwhich: BCl₃, Cl₂ and O₂ are used as material gases; the flow rate of thegases is set to 65/10/5 (sccm); RF (13.56 MHz) power of 300 W is appliedto the substrate side (sample stage); and RF (13.56 MHz) power of 450 Wis applied to a coil-shape electrode with a pressure of 1.2 Pa togenerate plasma, etching is performed for 117 seconds. As to the secondetching conditions of the first etching process, CF₄, Cl₂ and O₂ areused, the flow rate of the gases is set to 25/25/10 sccm, RF (13.56 MHz)power of 20 W is also applied to the substrate side (sample stage); andRF (13.56 MHz) power of 500 W is applied to a coil-shape electrode witha pressure of 1 Pa to generate plasma. With the above conditions, it issufficient that etching is performed for about 30 seconds. In the secondetching process, BCl₃ and Cl₂ are used, the flow rate of the gases areset to 20/60 sccm, RF (13.56 MHz) power of 100 W is applied to thesubstrate side (sample stage), and RF (13.56 MHz) power of 600 W isapplied to a coil-shape electrode with a pressure of 1.2 Pa to generateplasma, thereby performing etching.

Next, the masks made of resist are removed, and then, a first dopingprocess is conducted to obtain the state of FIG. 6A. The doping processmay be conducted by ion doping or ion implantation. Ion doping isconducted with the conditions of a dosage of 1.5×10¹⁴ atoms/cm² and anaccelerating voltage of 60 to 100 kV. As an impurity element impartingn-type conductivity, phosphorous (P) or arsenic (As) is typically used.In this case, first conductive layers and second conductive layers 621to 624 become masks against the impurity element imparting n-typeconductivity, and first impurity regions 626 to 629 are formed in aself-aligning manner. The impurity element imparting n-type conductivityis added to the first impurity regions 626 to 629 in a concentrationrange of 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³. Here, the region having the sameconcentration range as the first impurity region is also called an n⁻region.

Note that although the first doping process is performed after theremoval of the masks made of resist in this embodiment, the first dopingprocess may be performed without removing the masks made of resist.

Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 6B, masks 631 to 633 made of resist areformed, and a second doping process is conducted. The mask 631 is a maskfor protecting a channel forming region and a periphery thereof of asemiconductor layer forming a p-channel TFT of a driver circuit, themask 632 is a mask for protecting a channel forming region and LDD(Light Doped Drain) region of a semiconductor layer forming a TFT of apixel portion.

With the ion doping conditions in the second doping process: a dosage of1.5×10¹⁵ atoms/cm²; and an accelerating voltage of 60 to 100 kV,phosphorous (P) is doped. Here, impurity regions are formed in therespective semiconductor layers in a self-aligning manner with thesecond conductive layer 621 b as a mask. Of course, phosphorous is notadded to the regions covered by the masks 631 to 633. Thus, secondimpurity regions 634 and 635 and a third impurity region 637 are formed.The impurity element imparting n-type conductivity is added to thesecond impurity regions 634 and 635 in a concentration range of 1×10²⁰to 1×10²¹ atoms/cm³. Here, the region having the same concentrationrange as the second impurity region is also called an n⁺ region.

Further, the third impurity region is formed at a lower concentrationthan that in the second impurity region by the first conductive layer,and added with the impurity element imparting n-type conductivity in aconcentration range of 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³. Note that sincedoping is conducted by passing the portion of the first conductive layerhaving a tapered shape, the third impurity region has a concentrationgradient in which an impurity concentration increases toward the endportion of the tapered portion. Here, the region having the sameconcentration range as the third impurity region is called an n⁻ region.Furthermore, the regions covered by the mask 632 are not added with theimpurity element in the second doping process, and become first impurityregion 638.

Next, after the masks 631 to 633 made of resist are removed, masks 639and 640 made of resist are newly formed, and a third doping process isconducted as shown in FIG. 6C.

In the driver circuit, by the third doping process as described above,fourth impurity regions 641 and 642 and fifth impurity regions 643 and644 are formed in which an impurity element imparting p-typeconductivity is added to the semiconductor layer forming the p-channelTFT and to the semiconductor layer forming the storage capacitor.

Further, the impurity element imparting p-type conductivity is added tothe fourth impurity regions 641 and 642 in a concentration range of1×10²⁰ to 1×10²¹ atoms/cm³. Note that, in the fourth impurity regions641 and 642, phosphorous (P) has been added in the preceding step (n⁻region), but the impurity element imparting p-type conductivity is addedat a concentration that is 10 to 100 times as high as that ofphosphorous. Thus, the fourth impurity regions 641 and 642 have a p-typeconductivity. Here, the region having the same concentration range asthe fourth impurity region is also called a p⁺ region.

Further, fifth impurity regions 643 and 644 are formed in regionsoverlapping the tapered portion of the second conductive layer 125 a,and are added with the impurity element imparting p-type conductivity ina concentration range of 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. Here, the regionhaving the same concentration range as the fifth impurity region is alsocalled a p⁻ region.

Through the above-described steps, the impurity regions having n-type orp-type conductivity are formed in the respective semiconductor layers.The conductive layers 621 to 624 become gate electrodes of TFTs.

Next, an insulating film (not shown) that covers substantially theentire surface is formed. In this embodiment, a 50 nm thick siliconoxide film is formed by plasma CVD. Of course, the insulating film isnot limited to a silicon oxide film, and other insulating filmscontaining silicon may be used in a single layer or a laminationstructure.

Then, a step of activating the impurity element added to the respectivesemiconductor layers is conducted. In this activation step, a rapidthermal annealing (RTA) method using a lamp light source, a method ofirradiating light emitted from a YAG laser or excimer laser from theback surface, heaf treatment using a furnace, or a combination thereofis employed.

Further, although an example in which the insulating film is formedbefore the activation is shown in this example, a step of forming theinsulating film may be conducted after the activation is conducted.

Next, a first interlayer insulating film 645 is formed of a siliconnitride film, and heat treatment (300 to 550° C. for 1 to 12 hours) isperformed, thereby conducting a step of hydrogenating the semiconductorlayers. (FIG. 7A) The first interlayer insulating film 645 may be alamination structure consisting of the silicon nitride oxide film andthe silicon nitride film. This step is a step of terminating danglingbonds of the semiconductor layers by hydrogen contained in the firstinterlayer insulating film 645. The semiconductor layers can behydrogenated irrespective of the existence of an insulating film (notshown) formed of a silicon oxide film. Incidentally, it is important toapply the heating process condition that the conductive layer canwithstand in the step of hydrogenation. As another means forhydrogenation, plasma hydrogenation (using hydrogen excited by plasma)may be conducted.

Next, a second interlayer insulating film 646 is formed from an organicinsulating material on the first interlayer insulating film 645. In thisembodiment, an acrylic resin film with a thickness of 1.6 μm is formed.Then, contact holes that reaches each impurity region are formed. Inthis embodiment, a plurality of etching processes are sequentiallyperformed. In this embodiment, the second interlayer insulting film isetched with the first interlayer insulating film as the etching stopper,the first interlayer insulating film is etched with the insulating film(not shown) as the etching stopper, and then, the insulating film (notshown) is etched.

Thereafter, wirings are formed by using Al, Ti, Mo, W and the like. Insome cases, the pixel electrode of light emitting element that is formedin contact with the wirings can be formed at the same time. As thematerial of the electrodes and pixel electrode, it is desirable to use amaterial excellent in reflecting property, such as a film containing Alor Ag as its main constituent or a lamination film of the above film.Thus, wirings 650 to 657 are formed.

As described above, a driver circuit 705 having an n-channel TFT 701 anda p-channel TFT 702, and pixel portion 706 having a switching TFT 703made from an n-channel TFT and a current control TFT 704 made from anp-channel TFT can be formed on the same substrate. (FIG. 7C) In thisspecification, the above substrate is called an active matrix substratefor the sake of convenience.

In the pixel portion 706, the switching TFT 703 (n-channel TFT) has achannel forming region 503, the first impurity region (n⁻ region) 638formed outside the conductive layer 623 forming the gate electrode, andthe second impurity region (n⁺ region) 635 functioning as a source ordrain region.

In the pixel portion 706, the TFT for current control 704 (n-channelTFT) has a channel forming region 504, the fourth impurity region (n⁻region) 644 that is formed on the out side of conductive layer 624forming the gate electrode and source region, and the fifth impurityregion (n⁺ region) 642 functioning as a source or drain region. Notethat, the TFT 704 is connected to the electrodes of light emittingelement through the wiring 656 that is connected to the fifth impurityregion (n⁺ region) 642 in this embodiment. Since the current control TFT704 is made of p-channel TFT the anode of light emitting element ispreferably formed in this embodiment.

Further, in the driver circuit 705, the n-channel TFT 701 has a channelforming region 501, the third impurity region (n⁻ region) 637 thatoverlaps a part of the conductive layer 621 forming the gate electrodethrough the insulating film, and the second impurity region (n⁺ region)634 functioning as a source region or a drain region.

Further, in the driver circuit 705, the p-channel TFT 702 has a channelforming region 502, the fifth impurity region (p⁻ region) 643 thatoverlaps a part of the conductive layer 622 forming the gate electrodethrough the insulating film, and the fourth impurity region (p⁺ region)641 functioning as a source region or a drain region.

The above TFTs 701 and 702 are appropriately combined to form a shiftresister circuit, a buffer circuit, a level shifter circuit, a latchcircuit and the like, thereby forming the driver circuit 705. Forexample, in the case where a CMOS circuit is formed, the n-channel TFT701 and the p-channel TFT 702 may be complementarily connected to eachother.

Moreover, the structure of the n-channel TFT 701, which is a GOLD(Gate-drain Overlapped LDD) structure that is formed by overlapping aLDD (Lightly Doped Drain) region with a gate electrode, is appropriatefor the circuit in which the reliability takes top priority.

Note that the TFT (n-channel TFT and p-channel TFT) in the drivercircuit 705 are required to have a high driving capacity (on current:Ion) and prevent deterioration due to a hot carrier effect to therebyimprove reliability. A TFT having a region (GOLD region) where a gateelectrode overlaps a low concentration impurity region through a gateinsulating film is used as a structure effective in preventingdeterioration of an on current value due to hot carriers.

Note that the switching TFT 703 in the pixel portion 706 require a lowoff current (Ioff). A structure having a region (LDD region) where agate electrode does not overlap a low concentration impurity regionthrough a gate insulating film is used as a TFT structure for reducingan off current.

In this embodiment's manufacturing steps of light emitting device,source signal line is made from the materials that is used for the gateelectrode and the gate signal line is made from the materials for wiringthat is used for the source/drain electrodes in considering of theconfiguration of circuits or the manufacturing steps. But the othermaterials can be used for those lines. The driving voltage of TFT is 1.2to 10 V, preferably 2.5 to 5.5 V in this embodiment.

When the display of the pixel portion is active (case of the movingpicture display), a background is displayed by pixels in which the lightemitting elements emit light and a character is displayed by pixels inwhich the light emitting elements do not emit light. However, in thecase where the moving picture display of the pixel portion is still fora certain period or more (referred to as a standby time in the presentspecification), for the purpose of saving electric power, it isappropriate that a display method is changed (inverted). Specifically, acharacter is displayed by pixels in which light emitting elements emitlight (also called a character display), and a background is displayedby pixels in which light emitting elements do not emit light (alsocalled a background display).

Embodiment 5

A case of driving a light emitting device of the present invention by afixed voltage method is explained next using FIG. 8 and FIGS. 9A to 9C.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a light emitting device of Embodiment 5.Reference numeral 801 denotes a source signal line driver circuit,reference numeral 802 denotes a gate signal line driver circuit, andreference numeral 803 denotes a pixel portion. One each of the sourcesignal line driver circuit and the gate signal line driver circuit areformed in Embodiment 5, but the present invention is not limited to thisstructure. Two source signal line driver circuits may also be formed,and two gate signal line driver circuits may also be formed.

The source signal line driver circuit 801 has a shift register 801 a, alevel shifter 801 b, and a sampling circuit 801 c. Note that the levelshifter 801 b may be used when necessary, and does not always need to beused. Further, although a structure is shown in Embodiment 5 in whichthe level shifter 801 b is formed between the shift register 801 a andthe sampling circuit 801 c, the present invention is not limited by thisstructure. A structure in which the level shifter 801 b is incorporatedwithin the shift register 801 a may also be employed.

Further, the gate signal line driver circuit 802 has a shift registerand a buffer (both not shown in the figure). A level shifter may also beincluded. Note that a gate signal line 805 is connected to the gatesignal line driver circuit 802.

A clock signal (CLK) and a start pulse signal (SP), which are panelcontrol signals, are input to the shift register 801 a. A samplingsignal for sampling a video signal is output from the shift register 801a. The output sampling signal is input to the level shifter 801 b, itselectric potential amplitude is increased, and then the signal isoutput.

The sampling signal output from the level shifter 801 b is input to thesampling circuit 801 c. A video signal is input to the sampling circuit801 c at the same time, through a video signal line.

The input video signal is sampled in the sampling circuit 801 c by thesampling signal, and then input to source signal lines 804.

The structure of a pixel of the pixel portion 803 of the light emittingdevice shown by FIG. 8 is shown next in FIG. 9A. Note that the pixelportion 803 has a plurality of pixels structured as shown by referencenumeral 900 of FIG. 9. The pixel 900 has source signal lines (S),electric current supply lines (V), and a gate signal line (G).

The pixel 900 also has a switching TFT 901, an electric current controlTFT (1) 902, an electric current control TFT (2) 903, a light emittingelement (1) 904 and a light emitting element (2) 905.

A gate electrode of the switching TFT 901 is connected to a gate signalline (G). Further, one of a source region and a drain region of theswitching TFT 901 is connected to a source signal line (S), and theother one of the source region and the drain region is connected to gateelectrodes of the electric current control TFTT (1) 902 and the electriccurrent control TFT (2) 903.

Source regions of the electric current control TFT (1) 902 and theelectric current control TFT (2) 903 are connected to an electriccurrent supply line (V), and a drain region of the electric currentcontrol TFT (1) 902 is connected to any one of an anode or a cathode ofthe light emitting element (1) 904. Further, a drain region of theelectric current control TFT (2) 903 is connected to an electrode of adifferent type (anode or cathode) than that connected to the drainregion of electric current control TFT (1) 902. Note that this electrodeis one electrode forming the light emitting element (2) 905.

Note that the electrode connected to the drain region of the electriccurrent control TFT (1) 902 is referred to as a pixel electrode (1), andthe electrode connected to the drain region of the electric currentcontrol TFT (2) 903 is referred to as a pixel electrode (2) throughoutthis specification. That is, the light emitting element (1) 904 of thepixel 900 has the pixel electrode (1), and the light emitting element(2) 905 has the pixel electrode (2). Further, voltage is input to thepixel electrode (1) and the pixel electrode (2) from the electriccurrent supply lines (V). Note that voltages input from the electriccurrent supply lines (V) are referred to as an electric power sourcevoltage.

Further, the light emitting element (1) 904 and the light emittingelement (2) 905 are formed by these pixel electrodes and one moreelectrode. Note that the additional electrode is referred to as anopposing electrode. In other words, the light emitting element (1) 904has an opposing electrode (1), and the light emitting element (2) 905has an opposing electrode (2).

The opposing electrode (1) and the opposing electrode (2) are eachmaintained at a predetermined voltage, and voltages input from theopposing electrode (1) and the opposing electrode (2) are referred to asopposing voltages in this specification. Note that an electric powersource for imparting the opposing voltage to the opposing electrode (1)is referred to as an opposing electric power source (1) 906, and anelectric power source for imparting the opposing voltage to the opposingelectrode (2) is referred to as an opposing electric power source (2)907.

A voltage difference between the opposing voltage of the opposingelectrode and the electric power source voltage of the pixel electrodeis a driver voltage for the light emitting element, and the drivervoltage for the light emitting element is applied to an organic compoundlayer.

Although not shown in the figure, a structure in which a capacitor isformed between a gate electrode of the electric current control TFT (1)902, and the electric current control TFT (2) 903, and the electriccurrent supply line (V) may also be employed.

A circuit structure for controlling signals input from the opposingelectric power source (1) 906 and the opposing electric power source (2)907 of the pixel 900 of FIG. 9A is shown in FIG. 9B. That is, a switch910 is switched, the opposing electric power source (1) 906 or theopposing electric power source (2) 907 is selected, and voltage is inputfrom the selected opposing electric power source by inputting aswitching signal 909 to a circuit 908.

Next, voltages input from the opposing electric power source (1) 906 andthe opposing electric power source (2) 907 are each shown in FIG. 9C.That is, there is adopted a structure in which two types of opposingvoltages, in which the polarity of the driver voltage for the lightemitting element differs, are input alternately from the opposingelectric power source (1) 906 and the opposing electric power source (2)907. Further, voltages input simultaneously from the opposing electricpower source (1) 906 and the opposing electric power source (2) 907differ.

If the switching TFT 901 of the pixel 900 is placed in an on state, theelectric current control TFT (1) 902 and the electric current controlTFT (2) 903 both are turned on in Embodiment 5. Note that a constantelectric power source voltage is input from the electric current supplyline (V), and a constant voltage is applied to the pixel electrode (1)and the pixel electrode (2) of the light emitting element (1) 904 andthe light emitting element (2) 905, respectively.

If the pixel electrode (1) is formed by an anode here, and the pixelelectrode (2) is formed by a cathode, then a desired electric currentwill flow in the light emitting element (1) 904 because a positive lightemitting element driver voltage is applied to the light emitting element(1) 904 in the case where the opposing electric voltage, input to theopposing electrode (1) from the opposing electric power source (1) 906,is lower than the electric power source voltage. A negative lightemitting element driver voltage is applied to the light emitting element(1) 904 in the case where the opposing voltage input to the opposingelectric electrode (1) is higher than the electric power source voltage,and therefore electric current does not flow in the light emittingelement (1) 904. Note that a state in which electric current flows inthis manner in the light emitting element is referred to as the lightemitting element functioning within this specification.

In contrast, a desired electric current will flow in the light emittingelement (2) 905 because a positive light emitting element driver voltageis applied to the light emitting element (2) 905 in the case where theopposing electric voltage, input to the opposing electrode (2) from theopposing electric power source (2) 907, is higher than the electricpower source voltage, and the light emitting element (2) functions. Anegative light emitting element driver voltage is applied to the lightemitting element (2) 905 in the case where the opposing voltage input tothe opposing electric electrode (2) is lower than the electric powersource voltage, and therefore electric current does not flow in thelight emitting element (2) 905, and the light emitting element (2) doesnot function.

As described above, two types of opposing voltages having inversepolarities of the driver voltage for the light emitting element are thusinput alternately from the two types of opposing electric power sourcesin each of the two types of light emitting elements formed in one pixel,and voltage is only input from any one of the opposing electric powersources. One of the two types of light emitting elements is thus alwaysmade to function.

Embodiment 6

Driving a light emitting device of the present invention by a methoddiffering from that disclosed by Embodiment 5 is explained next usingFIG. 10 and FIG. 11.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a light emitting device of Embodiment6. Reference numeral 1001 denotes a source signal line driver circuit(A), reference numeral 1002 denotes a source signal line driver circuit(B), reference numeral 1003 denotes a gate signal line driver circuit,and reference numeral 1004 denotes a pixel portion.

The source signal line driver circuit (A) 1001 has a shift register 1001a, a level shifter 1001 b, and a sampling circuit 1001 c. Note that thelevel shifter 1001 b may be used when necessary, and does not alwaysneed to be used. Further, although a structure is shown in Embodiment 6in which the level shifter 1001 b is formed between the shift register1001 a and the sampling circuit 1001 c, the present invention is notlimited by this structure. A structure in which the level shifter 1001 bis incorporated within the shift register 1001 a may also be employed.Note that the structure of the source signal line driver circuit (B)1002 can be the same as the structure of the source signal line drivercircuit (A) 1001 in Embodiment 6.

Further, the gate signal line driver circuit 1003 has a shift registerand a buffer (both not shown in the figure). A level shifter may also beincluded. Note that a gate signal line 1005 is connected to the gatesignal line driver circuit 1003.

A clock signal (CLK) and a start pulse signal (SP), panel controlsignals, are input to the shift register 1001 a. A sampling signal forsampling a video signal is output from the shift register 1001 a. Theoutput sampling signal is input to the level shifter 1001 b, itselectric potential amplitude is increased, and then the signal isoutput.

The sampling signal output from the level shifter 1001 b is input to thesampling circuit 1001 c. A video signal is input to the sampling circuit1001 c at the same time, through a video signal line.

The input video signal is sampled in the sampling circuit 1001 c by thesampling signal, and then input to source signal lines (1) 1006. Notethat processing is performed similarly in the source signal line drivercircuit (P) 1002, and its output is then input to source signal lines(2) 1007.

The structure of a pixel of the pixel portion 1004 of the light emittingdevice shown by FIG. 10 is shown next in FIG. 11. Note that the pixelportion 1004 has a plurality of pixels structured as shown by referencenumeral 1100 of FIG. 11. The pixel 1100 has two types of source signallines (S), namely a source signal line (1) (S) and a source signal line(2) (S′), and two types of electric current supply lines (V), namely anelectric current supply line (1) (V) and an electric current supply line(2) (V′), and a gate signal line (G).

The pixel 1100 also has two types of switching TFTs, namely a switchingTFT (1) 1101 and a switching TFT (2) 1102, two types of electric currentcontrol TFTs, namely an electric current control TFT (1) 1103 and anelectric current control TFT (2) 1104, and two types of light emittingelements, namely a light emitting element (1) 1105 and a light emittingelement (2) 1106.

Gate electrodes of the switching TFT (1) 1101 and the switching TFT (2)1102 are connected to a gate signal line (G). Further, one of a sourceregion and a drain region of the switching TFT (1) 1101 is connected toa source signal line (1) (S), and the other of the source region and thedrain region is connected to a gate electrode of the electric currentcontrol TFT (1) 1103. In addition, one of a source region and a drainregion of the switching TFT (2) 1102 is connected to a source signalline (2) (S′), and the other of the source region and the drain regionis connected to a gate electrode of the electric current control TFT (2)1104.

A source region of the electric current control TFT (1) 1103 isconnected to an electric current supply line (1) (V), and a drain regionof the electric current control TFT (1) 1103 is connected to anelectrode that becomes an anode or a cathode of the light emittingelement (1) 1105. Note that this electrode is one electrode forming thelight emitting element (1) 1105. Further, a source region of theelectric current control TFT (2) 1104 is connected to the electriccurrent supply line (2) (V′), and a drain region of the electric currentcontrol TFT (2) 1104 is connected to an electrode of a different type(anode or cathode) than that connected to the drain region of electriccurrent control TFT (1) 1103. Note that this electrode is the oneelectrode forming the light emitting element (2) 1106.

Note that the electrode connected to the drain region of the electriccurrent control TFT (1) 1103 is referred to as a pixel electrode (1),and the electrode connected to the drain region of the electric currentcontrol TFT (2) 1104 is referred to as a pixel electrode (2) throughoutthis specification. That is, the light emitting element (1) 1105 of thepixel 1100 has the pixel electrode (1), and the light emitting element(2) 1106 has the pixel electrode (2). Further, voltage is input to thepixel electrode (1) from the electric current supply line (1) (V), andvoltage is input to the pixel electrode (2) from the electric currentsupply line (2) (V′). Note that voltages input from the electric currentsupply line (1) (V) and the electric current supply line (2) (V′) arereferred to as an electric power source voltage (1) and an electricpower source voltage (2), respectively.

Further, the light emitting element (1) 1105 and the light emittingelement (2) 1106 are formed by these pixel electrodes and one moreelectrode. Note that the additional electrode is referred to as anopposing electrode. In other words, the light emitting element (1) 1105has an opposing electrode (1), and the light emitting element (2) has anopposing electrode (2).

The opposing electrode (1) and the opposing electrode (2) are eachmaintained at a predetermined voltage, and voltages input from theopposing electrode (1) and the opposing electrode (2) are referred to asopposing voltages in this specification. Note that an electric powersource for imparting the opposing voltage to the opposing electrode (1)is referred to as an opposing electric power source (1) 1107, and anelectric power source for imparting the opposing voltage to the opposingelectrode (2) is referred to as an opposing electric power source (2)1108. The opposing electric power source (1) 1107 and the opposingelectric power source (2) 1108 are maintained at fixed voltages inEmbodiment 6.

Note that it is desirable that the anode voltage be higher than thevoltage applied to the cathode. The opposing voltages therefore changedepending upon whether the opposing voltages are applied to the anode orto the cathode. For example, it is desirable to set the opposing voltageto be higher than the electric power source voltage if the opposingelectrode is the anode. Conversely, it is desirable to make the opposingvoltage lower than the electric power source voltage if the opposingelectrode is the cathode.

A voltage difference between the opposing voltage of the opposingelectrode and the electric power source voltage of the pixel electrodeis a driver voltage for the light emitting element, and the drivervoltage for the light emitting element is applied to an organic compoundlayer.

In addition, a timing chart for a case of driving the light emittingdevice explained by FIG. 11 is shown in FIG. 12. A period from selectionof one gate signal line until the selection of a different gate signalline is referred to as one line period (L). Note that, in thisspecification, the term selection of a gate signal line denotes aselection signal, having an electric potential therein such that aswitching TFT will be placed in an on state, being input to a gatesignal line.

Further, a period from display of one image until display of the nextimage corresponds to one frame period (F). Y line periods (L1 to Ly) areformed within one frame period, for example, in a light emitting devicehaving y gate signal lines.

Gate signal lines (G(1) to G(y)) are selected by a selection signalinput from the gate signal line driver circuit 1003 in a first lineperiod (L1), and all of the switching TFTs connected to the gate signalline (G) are placed in an on state. A video signal is then input inorder to x source signal lines (1) (S(1) to S(x)) from the source signalline driver circuit (A) 1001, and to x source signal lines (2) (S′(2) toS′(x)) form the source signal line driver circuit (B) 1002. The gatesignal line (G(1)), the source signal line (1) (S(1)), and the sourcesignal line (2) (S′(1)) are shown here. Note that the video signal inputto the source signal lines (1) (S(1) to S(x)) is input to the gateelectrode of the electric current control TFT (1) 1103 through theswitching TFT (1) 1101, and the video signal input to the source signalline (2) (S′(1) to S′(x)) is input to the gate electrode of the electriccurrent control TFT (2) 1194 through the switching TFT (2) 1102.

Further, the electric power source voltage (1) is input to the pixelelectrode (1) of each pixel from x electric current supply lines (1)(V(1) to V(x)), and the electric power source voltage (2) is input tothe pixel electrodes (2) of each pixel from x electric current supplylines (2) (V′(1) to V′(2)). The electric current supply line (1) (V(1))and the electric current supply line (2) (V′(1)) are shown here.

The amounts of electric current flowing in channel formation regions ofthe electric current control TFT (1) 1103 and the electric currentcontrol TFT (2) 1104 are controlled by gate voltages Vgs, which arevoltage differences between the gate electrode and the source region ofeach of the electric current control TFTs. The voltages imparted to thepixel electrodes of the light emitting element (1) 1105 and the lightemitting element (2) 1106 are therefore determined by the size of thevoltage of the video signals input to the gate electrode of eachelectric current control TFT. The light emitting element (1) 1105 andthe light emitting element (2) 1106 are therefore controlled by thevideo signal voltages, and emit light.

The aforementioned operations are repeated, and the first line period(L1) is complete after the video signal is input to the source signallines (1) (S(1) to S(x)) and to the source signal lines (2) (S′(1) toS′(x)). A second line period (L2) begins next, the gate signal line (G2)is selected by the selection signal, and the video signal is input inorder to the source signal lines (1) (S(1) to S(x)) and to the sourcesignal line (2) (S′(1) to S′(x)), similar to the first line period (L1).

All of the line periods (L1 to Ly) are complete when all of the gatesignal lines (G1 to Gy) have been selected. One frame period is completewhen all of the line periods (L1 to Ly) are complete. All of the pixelsperform display within one frame period, and one image is formed. Notethat the electric power source voltage (1) input from the electriccurrent supply line (1) and the electric power source voltage (2) inputfrom the electric current supply line (2) are switched alternately inEmbodiment 6, and therefore the light emitting element (1) 1105 and thelight emitting element (2) 1106 thus function alternately along with theinput.

The amount of light emission of the light emitting element (1) 1105 andthe light emitting element (2) 1106 is thus controlled by the voltage ofthe video signal, and gray scale display is performed by controlling theamount of light emission.

Embodiment 7

Referring to FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B, the external appearance of an activematrix type light emitting device of the present invention will bedescribed in this embodiment. FIG. 13A is a top view of the luminescentdevice, and FIG. 13B is a sectional view taken on line A-A′ of FIG. 13A.Reference number 1301 represents a source side driving circuit, which isshown by a dotted line; 1302, a pixel section; 1303, a gate side drivingcircuit; 1304, a sealing substrate; and 1305, a sealant. A space 1307 issurrounded by the sealant 1305.

Reference number 1308 represents an interconnection for transmittingsignals inputted to the source signal line driving circuit 1301 and thegate signal line driving circuit 1303. The interconnection 1308 receivesvideo signals and clock signals from a flexible print circuit (FPC)1309, which will be an external input terminal. Only the FPC isillustrated, but a printed wiring board (PWB) may be attached to thisFPC. The light emitting device referred to in the present specificationmay be the body of the light emitting device, or a product wherein anFPC or a PWB is attached to the body.

The following will describe a sectional structure, referring to FIG.13B. The driving circuits and the pixel section are formed on thesubstrate 1310, but the gate side driving circuit 1301 as one of thedriving circuits and the pixel section 1302 are shown in FIG. 13B.

In the source signal line driving circuit 1301, a CMOS circuit whereinan n-channel type TFT 1320 and a p-channel type TFT 1321 are combined isformed. The TFTs constituting the driving circuit may be composed ofknown CMOS circuits, PMOS circuits or NMOS circuits. In this embodiment,a driver-integrated type, wherein the driving circuit is formed on thesubstrate, is illustrated, but the driver-integrated type may notnecessarily be adopted. The driver may be fitted not to the substratebut to the outside.

The pixel section 1302 is composed of plural pixels including acurrent-controlling TFT 1311 and an anode 1312 electrically connected tothe drain of the TFT 1311.

On the both sides of the anode 1312, insulating film 1313 are formed,and a layer comprising at least one organic compound 1314 is formed onthe anode 1312. Furthermore, a cathode 1316 is formed on the layercomprising at least one organic compound 1314. In this way, a lightemitting element 1318 composed of the anode 1312, the layer comprisingat least one organic compound 1314 and the cathode 1316 is formed.

The cathode 1316 also functions as an interconnection common to all ofthe pixels, and is electrically connected through the interconnection1308 to the FPC 1309.

In order to seal the light emitting element 1318 formed on the substrate1310, the sealing substrate 1304 is adhered with the sealant 1305. Aspacer made of a resin film may be set up to keep a given intervalbetween the sealing substrate 1304 and the light emitting element 1318.An inert gas such as nitrogen is filled into the space 1307 inside thesealant 1305. As the sealant 1305, an epoxy resin is preferably used.The sealant 1305 is desirably made of a material through which watercontent or oxygen is transmitted as slightly as possible. Furthermore,it is allowable to incorporate a material having moisture absorptioneffect into the space 1307.

In this embodiment, as the material making the sealing substrate 1304,there may be used a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, or a plasticsubstrate made of fiber glass-reinforced plastic (FRP), polyvinylfluoride (PVF), mylar, polyester or polyacrylic resin. After theadhesion of the sealing substrate 1304 to the substrate with the sealant1305, a sealant is applied so as to cover the side faces (exposurefaces).

As described above, the light emitting element is airtightly put intothe space 1307, so that the light emitting element can be completelyshut out from the outside and materials promoting deterioration of thelayer comprising at least one organic compound, such as water contentand oxygen, can be prevented from invading this layer from the outside.Consequently, the light emitting device can be made highly reliable.

The structure of this embodiment may be freely combined with thestructure of Embodiments 1 to 6.

Embodiment 8

In this embodiment, a case in which a passive type (simple matrix type)light emitting device having an element structure of the presentinvention is manufactured is described with reference to FIG. 14. InFIG. 14, reference numbers 1401 and 1402 represent a glass substrate anda first electrode made of materials for anode, respectively. In thisembodiment, ITO is formed by sputtering as a first electrode 1402. Notshown in FIG. 14, plural first electrodes are arranged in the stripeform in parallel with the paper.

Banks 1403 made of an insulating material are formed to cross the firstelectrode 1402 arranged in the stripe form. The banks 1403 are formedperpendicularly to the paper face to contact the anode 1402.

Next, a first assistant electrode 1404 is formed on the exposed portionof first electrode 1402 by vapor deposition. As the material, whichmakes the first assistant electrode 1404, a material that can be used ascathodes, described in Embodiments 1 to 3, can be used. Further, thereare no problems if such materials formed on the banks, when the firstassistant electrode 1404 is formed.

Next, a layer comprising at least one organic compound 1405 is formed onthe first electrode 1402 and the first assistant electrode 1404. As thematerials for forming the layer composing at least one organic compound1405, the materials described in the embodiments 1 to 3 can be used.

For example, by forming a layer comprising at least one organic compoundgiving red luminescence, a layer comprising at least one organiccompound giving green luminescence, and a layer comprising at least oneorganic compound giving blue luminescence, a light emitting devicegiving three types of luminescence rays can be formed. Since the layercomprising at least one organic compound 1405 composed of these layersis formed along grooves made in the banks 1403, the layer 1405 isarranged in the stripe form perpendicular to the paper face.

Next, a second assistant electrode 1406 is formed on the layercomprising at least one organic compound 1405 not to overlap the firstassistant electrode 1404. The second assistant electrode 1406 is formedusing the same materials as the first assistant electrode.

Next, a second electrode 1407 is formed on the layer comprising at leastone organic compound 1405 and the second assistant electrode 1406. Inthis embodiment, the second electrode 1407 is formed using thetransparency materials by vapor deposition.

Since the lower first electrodes 1402 are transparent materials in thisembodiment, light generated at the layer comprising at least one organiccompound 1405 is radiated downward (to the substrate 1401 side).

Next, a glass substrate is prepared as a sealing substrate 1409. Asubstrate made of plastic or quartz may be used as well as glasssubstrate in this embodiment. Further, opaque materials can be used.

The sealing substrate 1409 is adhered to the substrate 1401 with asealant 1410 made of an ultraviolet hardening resin. The inside 1408 ofthe sealant 1410 is an airtightly-closed space, and the inside is filledwith an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. It is effective to put amoisture absorbent, a typical example of which is barium oxide, in theairtightly closed space 1408. At last, a flexible printed circuit (FPC)1411 is fitted to the anodes to complete a passive type light emittingdevice.

This embodiment may be carried out by combining materials except theelement structure (active matrix type) shown in Embodiments 1 to 4.

Embodiment 9

Being self-luminous, a light emitting device using a light emittingelement has better visibility in bright places and wider viewing anglethan liquid crystal display devices. Therefore, various electricappliances can be completed by using the light emitting device of thepresent invention.

Given as examples of an electric appliance that employs a light emittingdevice manufactured in accordance with the present invention are videocameras, digital cameras, goggle type displays (head mounted displays),navigation systems, audio reproducing devices (such as car audio andaudio components), notebook computers, game machines, portableinformation terminals (such as mobile computers, cellular phones,portable game machines, and electronic books), and image reproducingdevices equipped with recording media (specifically, devices with adisplay device that can reproduce data in a recording medium such as adigital video disk (DVD) to display an image of the data). Wide viewingangle is important particularly for portable information terminalsbecause their screens are often slanted when they are looked at.Therefore it is preferable for portable information terminals to employthe light emitting device using the light emitting element. Specificexamples of these electric appliance are shown in. FIGS. 16A to 16H.

FIG. 15A shows a display device, which is composed of a case 2001, asupport base 2002, a display unit 2003, speaker units 2004, a videoinput terminal 2005, etc. The light emitting device manufactured inaccordance with the present invention can be applied to the display unit2003. Since the light emitting device having the light emitting elementis self-luminous, the device does not need back light and can make athinner display unit than liquid crystal display devices. The displaydevice refers to all display devices for displaying information,including ones for personal computers, for TV broadcasting reception,and for advertisement.

FIG. 15B shows a digital still camera, which is composed of a main body2101, a display unit 2102, an image receiving unit 2103, operation keys2104, an external connection port 2105, a shutter 2106, etc. The lightemitting device manufactured in accordance with the present inventioncan be applied to the display unit 2102.

FIG. 15C shows a notebook personal computer, which is composed of a mainbody 2201, a case 2202, a display unit 2203, a keyboard 2204, anexternal connection port 2205, a pointing mouse 2206, etc. The lightemitting device manufactured in accordance with the present inventioncan be applied to the display unit 2203.

FIG. 15D shows a mobile computer, which is composed of a main body 2301,a display unit 2302, a switch 2303, operation keys 2304, an infraredport 2305, etc. The light emitting device manufactured in accordancewith the present invention can be applied to the display unit 2302.

FIG. 15E shows a portable image reproducing device equipped with arecording medium (a DVD player, to be specific). The device is composedof a main body 2401, a case 2402, a display unit A 2403, a display unitB 2404, a recording medium (DVD or the like) reading unit 2405,operation keys 2406, speaker units 2407, etc. The display unit A 2403mainly displays image information whereas the display unit B 2404 mainlydisplays text information. The light emitting device manufactured inaccordance with the present invention can be applied to the displayunits A 2403 and B 2404. The image reproducing device equipped with arecording medium also includes home-video game machines.

FIG. 15F shows a goggle type display (head mounted display), which iscomposed of a main body 2501, display units 2502, and arm units 2503.The light emitting device manufactured in accordance with the presentinvention can be applied to the display units 2502.

FIG. 15G shows a video camera, which is composed of a main body 2601, adisplay unit 2602, a case 2603, an external connection port 2604, aremote control receiving unit 2605, an image receiving unit 2606, abattery 2607, an audio input unit 2608, operation keys 2609, eye pieceportion 2610 etc. The light emitting device manufactured in accordancewith the present invention can be applied to the display unit 2602.

FIG. 15H shows a cellular phone, which is composed of a main body 2701,a case 2702, a display unit 2703, an audio input unit 2704, an audiooutput unit 2705, operation keys 2706, an external connection port 2707,an antenna 2708, etc. The light emitting device manufactured inaccordance with the present invention can be applied to the display unit2703. If the display unit 2703 displays white letters on blackbackground, the cellular phone consumes less power.

If the luminance of light emitted from organic materials is raised infuture, the light emitting device can be used in front or rearprojectors by enlarging outputted light that contains image informationthrough a lens or the like and projecting the light.

These electric appliances now display with increasing frequencyinformation sent through electronic communication lines such as theInternet and CATV (cable television), especially, animation information.Since organic materials have very fast response speed, the lightemitting device is suitable for animation display.

In the light emitting device, light emitting portions consume power andtherefore it is preferable to display information in a manner thatrequires less light emitting portions. When using the light emittingdevice in display units of portable information terminals, particularlycellular phones and audio reproducing devices that mainly display textinformation, it is preferable to drive the device such that non-lightemitting portions form a background and light emitting portions formtext information.

As described above, the application range of the light emitting devicemanufactured by using the deposition device of the present invention isso wide that it is applicable to electric appliances of any field. Theelectric appliances of this embodiment can be completed by using thelight emitting device formed. by implementing Embodiments 1 to 8.

Charge accumulation in an organic compound layer, which becomes aproblem with direct current drive, can be prevented in the presentinvention by manufacturing an alternating current drive light emittingdevice. A problem in that light emitting element brightness drops isthus solved, and it therefore becomes possible to improve the elementcharacteristics of light emitting elements, and provide then with longerlife. Further, two types of light emitting elements having differentstructures are formed in the light emitting device of the presentinvention. This is a structure in which any one of the light emittingelements will always function, even if voltages having differentpolarities are applied during alternating current drive, and thereforegray scale display similar to that of direct current drive can beperformed.

1. A light emitting device comprising: a first electrode comprising a material for an anode arranged in a stripe form; a second electrode comprising the material for the anode arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode; and a layer comprising an organic compound between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein a part of the first electrode and a part of the second electrode function as cathodes.
 2. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising the organic compound has bipolar characteristics.
 3. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the layer comprising an organic compound comprises a material having hole transporting characteristics and a material having electron transporting characteristics.
 4. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting device is one selected from the group consisting of a display device, a digital still camera, a notebook personal computer, a mobile computer, a portable image playback device provided with a recording medium, a goggle display, a video camera and a portable telephone.
 5. A light emitting device comprising: a first electrode arranged in a stripe form; a first auxiliary electrode on a part of the first electrode; a layer comprising an organic compound on the first electrode and the first auxiliary electrode; a second auxiliary electrode on the layer comprising the organic compound and over another part of the first electrode; and a second electrode arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode on the layer comprising the organic compound and the second auxiliary electrode.
 6. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the layer comprising the organic compound has bipolar characteristics.
 7. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the layer comprising the organic compound comprises a material having hole transporting characteristics and a material having electron transporting characteristics.
 8. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the light emitting device is one selected from the group consisting of a display device, a digital still camera, a notebook personal computer, a mobile computer, a portable image playback device provided with a recording medium, a goggle display, a video camera and a portable telephone.
 9. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the first auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode.
 10. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the second auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode.
 11. A light emitting device comprising: a first electrode comprising a material for an anode arranged in a stripe form; a first auxiliary electrode comprising a material for a cathode on a part of the first electrode; a layer comprising an organic compound on the first electrode and the first auxiliary electrode; a second auxiliary electrode comprising the material for the cathode on the layer comprising the organic compound and over another part of the first electrode; and a second electrode comprising the material for the anode arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode on the layer comprising the organic compound and the second auxiliary electrode.
 12. The light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein the layer comprising the organic compound has bipolar characteristics.
 13. The light emitting device according to claim 11, Wherein the layer comprising the organic compound comprises a material having hole transporting characteristics and a material having electron transporting characteristics.
 14. The light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein the light emitting device is one selected from the group consisting of a display device, a digital still camera, a notebook personal computer, a mobile computer, a portable image playback device provided with a recording medium, a goggle display, a video camera and a portable telephone.
 15. The light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein the first auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode.
 16. The light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein the second auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode.
 17. A light emitting device comprising: a first electrode arranged in a stripe form; a second electrode arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode; and a layer comprising an organic compound between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein a first part of the first electrode in a first part of a crossover of the first electrode and the second electrode contacts with the layer comprising the organic compound, wherein a first auxiliary electrode is interposed between a first part of the second electrode in the first part of the crossover of the first electrode and the second electrode and the layer comprising the organic compound, wherein a second part of the second electrode in a second part of the crossover of the first electrode and the second electrode contacts with the layer comprising the organic compound, wherein a second auxiliary electrode is interposed between a second part of the first electrode in the second part of the crossover of the first electrode and the second electrode and the layer comprising the organic compound.
 18. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the layer comprising the organic compound has bipolar characteristics.
 19. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the layer comprising an organic compound comprises a material having hole transporting characteristics and a material having electron transporting characteristics.
 20. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the light emitting device is one selected from the group consisting of a display device, a digital still camera, a notebook personal computer, a mobile computer, a portable image playback device provided with a recording medium, a goggle display, a video camera and a portable telephone.
 21. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the first auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode.
 22. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the second auxiliary electrode is arranged in a stripe form perpendicularly to the first electrode. 